Sun Tower, one of the oldest remaining hotels on Fort Lauderdale sands

 

 

Sun Tower Hotel & Suites

2030 N. Ocean Blvd., Fort Lauderdale, FL

954-565-5700

By Jane Feehan

The Sun Tower remains one of the few that can claim the beach lies literally out the back door. With a deck and restaurant only feet off the sand, it draws locals and repeat visitors from afar.

It’s been around since about 1959 when original owner George A. Zarekas filed a fictitious name or intent to do business as “Sun Tower Apartments.” Architect of the 22-unit building was Gamble, Pownell and Gilroy Company. According to The Miami Herald that year, a $235,000 contract was “let to W. Edward Seese” to build; D.E. Britt served as engineer.

Zarekas came to Florida from Carbondale, Pennsylvania in 1955 where he and wife Marjorie owned and operated the Waymart Hotel and Restaurant. In Fort Lauderdale they also owned the Carib and North Shore motels. The seven-floor Sun Tower was known by several different names over the years. Some referred to it as the Sun Tower Motel or Hotel. It was not pretentious. In fact, the Zarekas would advertise for a couple to run the place while they were away for the summer.

Today it operates as Sun Tower Hotel and Suites. Zarekas, a World War II veteran who fought at Normandy, died in 2021 at age 98. His wife died in 2022. Current owners are listed as Sun Tower Investments with a mailing address in New York City.

The small hotel was upgraded during the COVID pandemic. Not enough can be said about its very casual restaurant, Sand Bar and Grill (or Sand Bar Grill), which serves breakfast, lunch and dinner on the deck or in a small adjacent room. It’s all about the beach … 

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan

Sources

The Miami Herald, Sept. 20, 1059

Fort Lauderdale News Oct. 23, 1959

Fort Lauderdale News, May 6, 1965

Fort Lauderdale News, April 9, 1973

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Nov. 19, 2021

Legacy.com

 

 Tags: Fort Lauderdale hotel history, Fort Lauderdale beach hotels, Fort Lauderdale in the 1950s, George A. Zarekas, Sun Tower Hotel & Suites

Fort Lauderdale and Broward County fallout shelter craze in the 1960s

 

By Jane Feehan

Fallout shelters dominated controversial topics in South Florida and the nation in the late 1950s and early 1960s. People feared a nuclear attack from the Soviet Union when its leader, Nikita Khrushchev, sought to expand his sphere of influence by testing atomic bombs in 1958 and then shipping nuclear missiles to Cuba in 1962.  

Fears launched a few fallout shelter businesses in Miami and in Broward County (search this blog for Fallout Shelters a Miami Growth Biz in the 1960s). Homeowners served as the target audience for the defense product, but governments considered them essential to civil defense. In 1962, the Broward County Courthouse had already been recognized as first fallout shelter in Fort Lauderdale.

In 1963, both private and public entities were recognized for their civic duty by the Broward County Civil Defense Council. Commendations were awarded to people representing Broward County hotels, a variety of businesses and a few hospitals for their participation. 

The list below may reflect savvy public relations rather than civic inclinations for some:

Yankee Clipper Hotel; Pier 66 (planned but not yet built); Governors’ Club Hotel; Marlin Beach Hotel; Jolly Roger Hotel; Holiday Hotel; Boca Key Hotel; Sun Tower (motel-hotel); Esquire Hotel;  Sears Roebuck and Company (Searstown built in 1955); First National Bank; Homeowners Life Insurance Co.; New Blount Building; Las Olas Plaza; Burdines Department Store; Dania Jai Alai Palace; Gulfstream Racing Association; Illini Cooperative Apartments; Southern Bell Telephone Company; North Broward Hospital District; South Broward Hospital District; Holy Cross Hospital; City of Fort Lauderdale.

Supplies for shelters were ordered by the defense council and included food, water, sanitary supplies and radiation equipment (compare that to a list we'd have today). It was estimated that the supplied shelters could accommodate about 43,000 people for 15 days.

However, interest in building fallout shelters was waning even before the Cuba crisis. A nationwide study revealed that many thought the best protection would be a simple hole in the ground. City dwellers took a fatalistic stance since they would likely be the first target of a nuclear attack; others thought businesses were cashing in on fear more than anything else.

Complacency slowed nuclear defense preparations by the mid-to late 1960s—especially with the 1964 movie, Dr. Strangelove. A satire that poked fun at nuclear "paranoia," the film may have helped take out the air of the fallout shelter movement.  

However, it didn’t stop a Fort Lauderdale News reporter in 1964 from suggesting a fallout shelter as an ideal Christmas gift for the family member who has everything. Some of those shelters may serve as hurricane shelters today ...

 Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan

Sources:

Fort Lauderdale News, Jan. 3, 1962

Fort Lauderdale News, Nov. 19, 1962

Fort Lauderdale News, Oct. 30, 1963  

Fort Lauderdale News, Nov. 19,1964

Fort Lauderdale News, Aug. 12, 1965

Tags: Fort Lauderdale in the 1960s; Broward County in the 1960s, fallout shelters

Fort Lauderdale's first department store - Pioneer Department Store

By Jane Feehan 

Frank Stranahan’s New River trading post, opened in Fort Lauderdale in 1895, served as antecedent to the Pioneer Department Store.  Reporters established this lineage through Pioneer’s purchase of stock (or goods) of Oliver Brothers Company, a store started by Stranahan.

Pioneer,  “not merely a name but a description” was organized in 1922 or 1923 with $50,000 in capital (some reports indicate $100,000). It first operated on Brickell Avenue not far from the original trading post.

In 1925, another pioneer, Tom W. Bryan, sold a corner lot at Las Olas Boulevard and Osceola Avenue (later 1^st Avenue) to Pioneer for a reported $70,000. In August that year, Pioneer announced plans for a three-story structure on the lot with a construction price tag estimated to run nearly $112,000 (later claimed to cost $150,000). The architect listed was A. Ten Eyck of Atlanta and Miami; the builder was the Florida Building Company. Executives mentioned were Dr. J.A. Stanford, president; J.S. Hinton, vice president, and Lamar Thistlewaite, secretary/treasurer and store manager.

It was reported that thousands showed up for the opening May 13, 1926 “at the magnificent three-story, modern building.” Reporters and store executives claimed “a new epoch begins in the commercial history of Fort Lauderdale…”

The new and expanded Pioneer Department Store featured two Otis elevators, glass counter tops, mahogany fittings, five large display windows and a “Lampson Cash Tube to reach all floors.” 

About 50 employees served customers who shopped a variety of sections including men’s and boy’s wear, women’s dresses and underwear, a beauty salon (the Permanent Wave Shop), luggage, kitchenware and more.

Indeed, a new paradigm in shopping began in Fort Lauderdale—a mere 30 years after trading post days. Boom times in land sales and population growth of the 1920s drove innovation and demand right through the Great Hurricane of September 1926, months after the department store opened.

“Pioneer Department Store still stands,” their newspaper advertisements claimed less than two weeks after the storm. It was “a monument to faith built on public confidence.” By November 1926 the store was ready for Christmas sales of toys and gifts.

Pioneer weathered the hurricane but not the ensuing decline in the economy.

The store closed in 1939. By this decade there were new owners, Field and Company, with evolving plans. 

There was also new competition. Sears opened blocks away on Andrews Avenue in 1937. 

The Great Depression yet lingered. Pioneer’s claim of being “exclusive but not expensive” was not enough to keep the sales engines running.

 

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan

Sources:

Fort Lauderdale Evening Sentinel, April 17, 1925

Fort Lauderdale Evening Sentinel, May 7, 1925

Fort Lauderdale News, Nov. 8, 1925

Fort Lauderdale Daily News, Aug. 6, 1925

Fort Lauderdale News, Feb. 4, 1926

Fort Lauderdale News, Feb. 22, 1926

Fort Lauderdale News, May 12, 1926

Fort Lauderdale News, May 13, 1926

Fort Lauderdale Daily News, Sept. 26, 1926

Fort Lauderdale News, Nov. 24, 1926

Fort Lauderdale News, Sept. 25, 1939

Fort Lauderdale News, Sept. 26, 1939

Fort Lauderdale News, July 15, 1939

Tags: Fort Lauderdale retail history, Pioneer Department Store, Fort Lauderdale in the 1920s, Fort Lauderdale in the 1930s, Frank Stranahan

SeaEscape cruises into Florida sunset with no return as onshore gambling evolves

 

By Jane Feehan

As Florida voters rejected gambling casinos, one-day cruises for betting grew in popularity during the 1980s and 90s.

One of these ocean-going casinos was SeaEscape. Over several decades, operators of the line changed, ships changed and so did home ports. This post is not a business history of the SeaEscape; it’s somewhat convoluted.  The focus will be on growth of the industry, its challenges and the role legalized gambling played with SeaEscape’s fortunes.

They advertised as “Florida’s original one-day cruise.” SeaEscape launched in 1982 from the Port of Palm Beach. Some news sources report that the “Rahn family” was behind the new business; other news sources report Scandinavian Sun or Scandinavian World Cruises was behind the initiative. The ship’s maiden voyage hosted 732 passengers. 

The line, which promised “everything for $89,” included a stop in Freeport, Bahamas, a meal, and lots of gambling. In subsequent years, their ships mostly sailed without a port stop but to international waters (or three miles offshore) where there were no restrictions on betting. SeaEscape ships also departed from Miami and Fort Lauderdale; soon after these one-day trips sailed from Tampa and Port Canaveral.  

By 1992 ocean-going casinos hosted 920,000 passengers yearly (averaging 1,400 guests per trip)—"one third of SOFLA’s cruise trade,” reported the South Florida Sun-Sentinel.

Passengers on these trips were not big-time gamblers. According to the South Florida Sun-Sentinel, most spent an average of $9-$13 a day and slots were the main attraction—80 percent played the “one-arm bandits.”  Remaining passengers played table games. Betting limits ranged from $200-$2,000, not attractive to high rollers who preferred Las Vegas.

However, the concept was so popular and seemed to hold so much promise that the report of 920,000 passengers caught the attention of Steve Wynn, then-owner of the Mirage Hotel and Golden Nugget Casinos in Las Vegas. The gambling mogul mulled over the idea of building a casino ship and "fancy" hotel in Port Everglades. He probably foresaw the eventual approval of casino gambling so did not move forward with his concept.

Competition was stiff by 1992. At one time, 47 floating casinos operated from Florida. Meanwhile, troubles mounted for SeaEscape. The company, no longer held by the original owners, filed for bankruptcy in 1991. They had been dealing with competition, late or unpaid fines, port fees, taxes and insurance problems.  Several small fires at sea called into question the validity of their insurance. At that time, Fort Lauderdale and Miami were claimed as home ports.

In 1997, the “New SeaEscape” emerged, announcing new ships, sea “adventures” for $29.95 and party cruises for about $25. But new problems arose the following year when Florida’s Attorney General Bob Butterworth spearheaded efforts to curtail questionable one-day cruise practices. Undercover agents boarded ships to confirm gambling did not begin until at least three miles from the coast. Hidden GPS devices proved otherwise; the New SeaEscape was hit with a $190,000 fine for opening slots and tables before the three miles. Other problems followed with indictments in 2003 of the then-owners for matters unrelated to New SeaEscape.

The company struggled. They advertised their remaining ship as a wedding venue, for overnight New Year’s Eve festivities for $179 and other parties for as little as $25. Gambling glories were slipping away.

SeaEscape’s last cruise was in August 2008 after workers complained about not being paid. The company was unable to find financing or a new owner. Their sole ship was auctioned off by Broward County in October 2008. The highest bidder was investor Glenn Staub.

Gambling—blackjack—was approved in 2008. Casino gambling has been approved in bits and pieces since 1988 until today, when most of it resides on Seminole holdings such as Hard Rock Cafes in Hollywood and Tampa and at the Miccosukee Reservation. The next frontier seems to be online gambling.

But it wasn’t just onshore gambling that dealt the one-day cruises a blow. The rise of inexpensive vacation cruises with casinos as one form of onboard entertainment also played a role in the demise of day trips.  Entertainment venues and peoples’ tastes evolve.

As of this post, a one-day gambling trip is offered out of Port Canaveral:  Victory Casino Cruises.

 Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan

Fort Lauderdale News, Feb. 21, 1982

Fort Lauderdale News, March 17, 1982

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Sept 15, 1982

South Florida Sun-SentinelS, Jun. 2, 1991

The Miami Herald, Oct. 21, 1991

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, May 17, 1992

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, June 15, 1993

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Mar. 23, 1997

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Dec. 19, 1997

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Dec. 20, 1997

South Florida Sun-Sentinel. June 5, 2003

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Aug. 12, 2008

South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Oct. 7, 2008

Tags: SeaEscape, New SeaEscape, one-day gambling cruises, gambling history, Port Everglades, floating casinos

A Civil War hero and once resident of Fort Lauderdale, Edgar A Bras and his Medal of Honor

Medal of Honor, U.S. Army
Public domain

 

By Jane Feehan

Civil War veteran Edgar A. Bras (1841-1923) made his way to Fort Lauderdale in the 1900s. Approaching their final years, Bras and his wife moved in with their daughter Ethel and her husband, Herbert Otto.

Bras was a carpenter and farmer for most of his life. The Iowa native and his family moved to Kansas, then Nebraska and to Oklahoma. Fort Lauderdale was his final chapter, a quiet one but not far removed from the way he lived his life as a young man.  

No doubt, there were probably a few Civil War vets in Broward County during the 1900s. Bras was not only a vet of that conflict but also recipient of the Medal of Honor for his act of valor during the Battle of Spanish Fort in Mobile, Alabama. The action is listed as “Capture of Flag” On April 8, 1865.  

His military career was nothing if not one of dogged determination. It began when Bras, then 20, signed up with the 8^th Iowa Volunteer Infantry, U.S Army in Sept. 1861, about five months after the conflict erupted. He was promoted a few months later to Fifth Corporal.

Bras fought in the Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee (April 6-7, 1862) where he was shot in the upper thigh; the bullet remained there for the rest of his life. He was wounded again during the Battle of Corinth, Mississippi (April 29-May 30, 1862) where a bullet hit him in the head, lodging behind his left eye. He recovered (bullet removed?) and was promoted to Fourth Corporal in September 1862. When his term of service ended, he immediately signed up again, Jan. 11, 1864, with the same regiment and was again promoted, this time to First Sargeant. There were more battles to fight.

Mobile, Alabama was a port critical to Confederate supply lines and a favorite of Southern blockade runners. General R.S. Canby led Union forces into the Battle of Spanish Fort with an eye on capturing Mobile. Edgar Bras bravely charged through a Confederate camp at the fort and was able to capture the Confederate flag from a color bearer on April 8^th, 1865. For this action, he was commended and received the Medal of Honor. Mobile was not captured but Spanish Fort was rendered useless by Union forces.

The war ended April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. President Andrew Johnson declared it officially over Aug. 20, 1866. The Medal of Honor was first available to Marines and those in the Navy in 1861; it was extended to the Army in 1862.

It appears that sense of duty never left Edgar Bras. While in Fort Lauderdale, approaching 80, he served as deacon and superintendent of Sunday school at First Baptist Church. He died in 1923 at 81, a few years after his wife. The final resting place for both is at Evergreen Cemetery. 

 Among the countless others to honor on Memorial Day are Edgar A. Bras and Alexander R. (Sandy) Nininger, both Medal of Honor recipients who lived in Fort Lauderdale. According to the National Medal of Honor Museum, “of the 40 million Americans who have served in the Armed Forces since the Civil War, only 3,519 have earned the Medal of Honor”

Medal of Honor, U.S. Army
Public domain

 Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan

Sources:

mohmuseum.org/the-medal/

ancestry.familysearch.org

iowasuvcw.org/monuments-in-the-state-of-alabama

IowaHistory.org

www.cmohs.org/

victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edgar-a-bras-moh/

Tags: Edgar A. Bras, Medal of Honor recipients – Fort Lauderdale, Fort Lauderdale history, Evergreen Cemetery, Sandy Nininger

Eyes were on Lemon City before Miami

Bay View Hotel, second on Biscayne Bay. Lemon City 1892,
Moved to Miami 1899 via barge
State Archives of Florida

By Jane Feehan

Lemon City didn’t have its own government but did have plenty of economic clout in early South Florida. It was older than Miami, with settlers arriving in the 1850s and in significant numbers in the 1870s. Historians suggest first settlers were English descendants in the Bahamas referred to as “Conchs;” they had also found their way to the Keys. 

Geography usually determines city growth; this community sat at the only deep-water access or Biscayne Bay at the time, near today’s 61st Street. The port, though not a port of entry, provided shipping access for crops and a pipeline of supplies for settlers. The little settlement also sat near Little River, Arch Creek and Snake Creek, waterways that facilitated transportation. 

Many pioneers came to this area to stake a claim for land after the Homestead Act of 1862. They settled the area to farm, as did many who arrived in Florida in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Enterprising arrivals parceled land for real estate sales, which proved to be profitable.

James E. Ingraham, then president of South Florida Railroad and later associate of Henry Flagler, visited Lemon City in 1892. He was on an expedition from Fort Myers through the Everglades to assess agricultural opportunities. That the expedition included Lemon City suggests the growing importance of the community. This predated his fateful trip in 1895 to Miami where he met Julia Tuttle to talk about extending Flagler’s railway there after the freeze destroyed crops in mid- and northern Florida. 

Guy Metcalf, pioneer, newspaperman and cousin of Fort Lauderdale's founder Frank Stranahan, also recognized the growing importance of Lemon City. He owned a real estate company that built a rock road to Lemon City from Lantana during the late 1880s or 1890s.

Named Lemon City for the lemons that grew there, the settlement was first mentioned in Dade County public records in 1889. When residents wanted a post office soon after, they applied with the federal government under the name “Motlo” in honor of a Seminole chief. The government approved the post office but sent back the paperwork with the name Motto. Residents briefly referred to their new town as that, but by 1893 resumed calling it Lemon City.

It may not have been an official town, but Lemon City was often noted in the social columns of The Miami News and The Miami Herald commencing in 1904. Comfortable homes were built as well as schools and several businesses, including a sawmill, an oil company and reportedly one of the largest asphalt companies in the South. The community attracted winter visitors and eventually hosted tent camps for tourists.

A.B Hurst Sawmill,
1909 Lemon City
State Archives of Florida

Lemon City could also boast an active community improvement association, which promoted the building of schools and a library. The Lemon City Library reportedly first opened in 1892. It is recognized today as the oldest operating branch library in Miami-Dade County. Historian Ron Blazek wrote that Coconut Grove was first to open a library but issues surrounding definition of a public library obfuscate claims of “first.” This writer found public notices in The Miami News in October 1904 for the formation of the Lemon City Library Association.

Lemon City was eventually overshadowed by Miami’s growth after Henry Flagler extended his Florida East Coast Railway to Miami 1896. Lemon City faded in status and was annexed by the city of Miami, along with Coconut Grove and other small communities in 1925.

Today, Lemon City boundaries overlap those of Miami. Known as Little Haiti since the 1970s with its new immigrants, it was recognized in 2016 as an official neighborhood of Miami. The neighborhood is home to nearly 30,000 residents from Haiti and other islands in the Caribbean. Today they celebrate cultural distinctions in food and art and language.

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan

 Tags: Lemon City, Little Haiti, Miami in the 1800s, Miami in the 1920s

Sources:

The Miami News, Oct. 1, 1904

The Herald, June 14, 1925

Blazek, Ron. Tequesta: Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, No. 42, 1982

University of Florida, The Ingraham Expedition, 2015. https://www.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/ingraham/expedition/LemonCity.htm

Florida International University, City of Miami Planning Dept., Historic Lemon City/ Little Haiti/  Creole District

McIver, Stuart. Glimpses of South Florida History. Miami: Florida Flair Books, 1988.

Wikipedia

A.B. Hurst Sawmill: http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/141893

Bay View Hotel: http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/118340

Unconventional golf coach teaches his children the game and how to win

Emma and Julian playing a tournament 

By Jane Feehan

Most who seek a professional career in golf started out using a coach. Some have been coached by parents who were pros. Athletes in other sports have also been trained by family members with skills and experience. Boca Raton resident Kevin Andrews has neither skills nor experience in golf but has successfully coached his children Emma,14 and Julian, 11.

It all started four years ago. Emma already played hockey at school; Julian played soccer. During the COVID pandemic, Kevin’s sports focus was redirected inward. What game could involve the entire family?

“A friend suggested we visit Top Golf,” said Paula Andrews, wife and mother. They went to the high-tech complex to familiarize the children with the game; they left as golf enthusiasts.

Kevin moved ahead and bought a set of used clubs for Emma and Julian. He looked into hiring a coach or buying lessons. It was expensive. Multi-day golf schools can cost thousands. Individual hourly lessons top $100 . Not deterred, he attended local golf events, including an LPGA tourney with the family to get a better feel for the sport.

“I got close to coaches so I could hear their instructions to players,” said Kevin who had already dismissed paying for instruction. He knew he’d need more information. He looked at You Tube videos and got a better understanding of what coaching entailed. He bought books. Then the family visited a golf shop at a public course in Lake Worth where a golf pro encouraged them to get Emma and Julian signed up for tournaments to play with those their age and skill level.

“But no one wants to play with beginners,” said Kevin. They had to start somewhere. He put the kids through drills at home and on a local course. Pressure was building to up his coaching abilities. “I can do this,” he thought. “But I wasn’t sure how to proceed.”

Proceed he did but in an unconventional way.

Kevin is an industrial engineer. Industrial engineers are methodical. They analyze parts of processes, or systems to make things work or to build products.

“When I understood how complex the swing is, I broke it down into parts—feet, knees, hips, elbows hands and head,” Kevin recounted. He started with the hands—the grip. Kevin took videos of Emma and Julian as they swung their clubs. Post-practice analysis helped correct mistakes, build up their strengths and strategize their wins by assessing course risks.

“It’s also a head game,” said Kevin. “So, I read Alter Ego: The Power of Secret Identities to Transform Your Life (by Todd Herman, HarperCollins 2019). “It really helped Emma get out of her head while playing in a tournament.”

Emma

Tournament is now a household activity. Four years later, Emma and Julian are solid competitors in their age group. At times they beat older players. Paula drives them to a course to practice five or six days a week. Kevin joins them after work.

“I’m good at driving the ball,” said Julian who ranks recess as his favorite part of school.

Emma, who hopes to be awarded a golf scholarship for college, visualizes herself as a golf pro one day.  “Putting is my strength,” she acknowledged.

These young golfers put their golfing talents to work as members of Gold Coast Junior Golf Foundation (www.gcjgf.org). The Boca Raton-based nonprofit provides opportunities and scholarships for young golfers under age 19. Young golfers participate in monthly tournaments throughout South Florida. Once a year the organization recognizes players with an awards event at a golf club. Founder and former golf pro Wayne McKinney pays for the food, golf carts and trophies while sharing stories of his golfing days.

This year, Emma and Julian received trophies for playing in every tourney, scoring wins and maintaining good grades at school.

A freshman (2024-2025), Emma plays on her high school golf team. Her school recently announced a winning golf tourney record not seen since 2019. Talented and motivated to win, Emma continues to meet the challenges each competition--in or out of school--presents.

This year, Julian likes driving the ball and beating older kids at the game even more than recess. Paula, head cheerleader, and Kevin walk each 18-hole course as the kids play in a monthly tournament. Kevin remains their winning coach.

Julian

“I like to follow the advice given in a book I read that helps me coach and the kids play,” said Kevin.

‘If you can get 1% better each day for one year, you’ll end up 37 times better by the time you’re done.’ (From Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad, by James Clear, Penguin Random House 2018.)

There’s probably something else that no book can offer: the confidence, determination, and love only a parent can share with a child aspiring to be a competitor in sports. It’s a huge win.

L to R: Paula, Julian, Emma and Kevin

 

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan.

Tags: Faces of Florida, Golf, golf coach, golf tournament, Gold Coast Junior Golf Foundation