Seminoles attend their first school in Broward County despite warnings of "learning how to lie"

Seminole children & teacher,Dania
c. 1930 Florida State Archives

By Jane Feehan

Seminoles did not attend school regularly in Florida until the 1920s. There were a few reasons. One, according to L.A. Spencer, agent for Indian affairs in Florida, was resistence of older Seminoles to learning the ways of the white man. 

"They say that when an Indian learns to read and write, he learns to lie," said Spencer. "The tribe has been adverse to attending school and has shown an animosity toward the white man’s learning because, it is said, they were antagonized by a former missionary some years ago."

Also, federal money was not made available to Seminoles as was to Indian tribes in other states. "They [Seminoles] were classified as 'outlaws,' " Spencer added. They did not all leave Florida as they promised the federal government after taking money to relocate (use search box for Chief Billy Bowlegs).

Nevertheless, some funds came through in the 1920s. A school for Seminoles opened in 1927 in Dania, in south Broward County. The school opened and closed there before land was officially set aside for the Seminoles in 1938 (Hollywood Reservation).

Classes were organized by Lena King of the Creek Indians of Wetunka, OK.  King worked with L.A. Spencer, from  Fort Myers, to bring education to the Seminoles of Florida. Though the teaching group were all of the Creek Nation, they were, explained a news account, related to the Seminoles, "... the Florida group being an offshoot called the 'wanderers,' which is the Indian interpretation for Seminole."

Teachers taught English (few Seminoles spoke it). Young students attended an hour in the mornings and an hour during afternoons. Seminoles were also taught farming and "housework." Adult men attended after 7 pm. to learn English and reading. The school provided classes up to the 8th grade. One student covered two to three grades in each of the first few years he attended but wound up staying three years in the 8th grade; there was no other level.

One group of Seminoles did accept the white man's ways: medicine men. They "retired" in favor of white physicians because 80 percent of Seminole babies, according to a news account, died by age three. After a few years of help from physicians, the Seminole mortality rate was the same as that of the white population.

Copyright © 2021. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan

Sources:

Miami News, Jan. 25, 1927

Miami Herald, Nov. 21, 1929

Seminole Tribe

  

Tags: Florida history, Seminole history, Seminole education, Broward County history

Napoleon Bonaparte Broward and Everglades drainage disappointment

Former Gov. Jennings w Gov. Broward (r)
on Everglades tour 1906, Florida State Archive

By Jane Feehan


Few governors of Florida can claim the notoriety and impact of its 19th governor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (1857-1910).

Born in the Jacksonville area, Broward drew national attention for smuggling weapons aboard his steamship, The Three Friends, to aid Cubans in their war for independence from Spain. He ran arms for three years until President McKinley declared war against Spain in 1898.

Broward’s political career included a stint as Duval County Sheriff and one term in the Florida House of Representatives (Democrat) before he became governor.

He ran for governor with a platform that included a plan to drain the Everglades. Thus evolved the notion “Empire of the Everglades,” an idea that reverberated throughout the country, and especially in South Florida. He said canals used for draining could also be used for transportation. “Look at Egypt and the Nile,” he said, or “Look at Holland.” It wasn’t a new idea, but appealed to many with dreams of farming - or land speculation. Broward took office in January, 1905 and served until 1909.

1916 cartoon: disappointment 
Everglades not drained ,
Florida State Archives

Under his administration, the Florida legislature established a Board of Drainage Commissioners to take charge of the Everglades project. To move forward on the plan, they created drainage districts, issued millions of dollars in bonds and levied taxes. Broward also managed to secure federal funds. By the time he left office, many claimed that Broward had drained the Everglades, when in fact, he had just begun.

The drainage project spawned a Fort Lauderdale land boom in 1910, but by the 1920s, its feasibility was in doubt. During the 1928 hurricane, a muck dyke at Lake Okeechobee, part of the drainage plan, broke; more than 2,000 died.

Everglades champion Marjorie Stoneman Douglas denounced the drainage project in her book, The Everglades: River of Grass. She claimed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, while building the muck dyke, failed to note rivers that used to flow naturally from Lake Okeechobee, some “100 feet wide and 10 or more feet deep” that drained the lake for a mile or two. Broward’s project, she wrote, left a legacy of damage, destroying wild life, natural habitats, and covering Indian burial mounds.

Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, nevertheless, captured the imagination of those who helped transform Florida into today’s reality. Broward County was established in 1915; the use of his name was an affirmation of his vision for the area. Copyright © 2011. All rights reserved. Jane Feehan.

For the first attempt to drain the Everglades in 1881, see: https://janeshistorynook.blogspot.com/2020/09/hamilton-disston-and-early-attempt-to.html
______________
Sources:
Douglas, Marjorie Stoneman. The Everglades: River of Grass. Miami: Banyan Books, 1978.
Weidling, Philip, and Burghard, August. Checkered Sunshine. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1966
www.broward.org
www.Wikipedia.org

Courtesy Broward County Commission

Tags: Florida history, Everglades drainage, Broward County history, Everglades history, Fort Lauderdale history, Florida Everglades, Florida in the early 1900s